ESC Guidelines Diagnosis and Management

Question: Discuss about the ESC Guidelines Diagnosis and Management. Answer: Introduction This paper is based on Harvey Jones who is a 24 year old truck driver who has been admitted to a hospital due to breathing problems and chest pain. Apart from that he also had right leg pain in the back of the knee. Pathophysiology on the formation of an embolism The third utmost reason of death from cardiovascular disease is pulmonary embolism (PE), after cerebrovascular stroke and myocardial infarction. From data obtained from hospital epidemiological, calculation has been done that the frequency of pulmonary embolism in the United States of America is 1 per 1,000 on an annual basis. Primarily the real figure is probable as superior, because the condition go unrecognized in a lot of patients. Mortality because of pulmonary embolism has been expected toward surpassing 15% in the initial three months post analysis. Pulmonary embolism is very vivid plus serious problem of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Due to this cause, the avoidance, diagnosis and treatment of DVT are of unusual significance, due to indicative pulmonary embolism which takes place in 30% of the people suffering. If asymptomatic episodes are taken into account, it is likely that 50-60% of DVT patients expand pulmonary embolism. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are manifestations of similar unit, namely thromboembolic disease (Konstantinides, 2014). Normal value of blood oxygen saturation Oxygen saturation means which refers to the division of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin which is family member of whole hemoglobin (saturated + unsaturated) in the blood. A normal human body needs and regulates an exact plus precise equilibrium of oxygen in the blood. Usual levels of blood oxygen in human beings are taken as 95 percent. An array of 94-99% is considered normal for fit adults who are consuming room air that contains 21% oxygen (Welsh, 2015). Blood vessels that an embolus from right popliteal vein of Harvey Jones would pass on the way to the right lung Blood clotting is an extremely significant natural procedure where platelets, fibrin, blood cells and a variety of components of blood bunch as a whole in order to discontinue blood loss post a blood vessel have been hurt. Ultimately, the clot normally makes a protective seal over the place which is being hurt. If the body of Harvey did not have the capability to coalesce blood, he would have bled to bereavement after a slight scratch (Seegers, 2013). The two discrete forms of clots are these - the first one is found in the arteries and the latter one is in the veins. Both the forms of clots have been explained in the subsequent paragraphs. When it moves slowly blood flow is a great deal more susceptible to irregular clotting.Blood flow in the arteries circulates pretty fast, blood flow in the veins circulates at a slow pace and yet slower if one is fully confined to bed or simply sitting. In the veins blood clotting system abnormalities are extra apparent. Various other factors upsetting the enlarged propensity to coagulate may not be as apparent in the arteries. These anomalous clotting troubles have been specified in the below paragraphs. The veins and arteries are akin to two separate tree trunks with the blood circulation in the trunk of the tree going through the arteries to a persons arms and feet. Even it reaches the veins that go to the lungs. The venous and arterial flow goes in reverse commands. When blood flow of arteries travels to the closing stages of the limbs, it travels through tiny capillaries that remain blood clots from entering the venous side. In the veins, clots travel up the stem to the end, that is the lungs. The lungs strain out clots so as to prevent them from departing back in the region of to the arterial side. Blood clots can occur even without having a clear injury. Many of these clots have a propensity to melt on their own with no difficulty, but every now and then blood clots can turn out to be big and fall short to melt correctly and chunk blood flow through a vein or an artery. When a blood clot occurs and keeps where it occurs, it is known as a thrombus. That can be in vein or artery. A thrombus that breaks free and moves from where it shaped and travels to another direction in a persons body is known as an embolus and these can take place in veins and arteries. Roles that needs to be performed as an enrolled nurse within the clinical setting in the care Harvey As an enrolled nurse, the primary thing that needs to be taken care of is the chest pain because Harvey was feeling like as if someone has stabbed him in the chest with a knife and due to which he was facing breathing problems. The second thing is oxygen should be made available because if breathing problem persists then the patient may even pass away. As a nurse, the third thing which should be taken care of is the leg pain of Harvey Jones. Inspiratory crackers of the lungs of Harvey also should be given utmost importance. Apart from that the blood circulation also needs to be taken care of. Diagnostic tests that Harvey would need to confirm his diagnosis Diagnostic tests and procedures are very important tools so as to help doctors verify or cancel the attendance of a neurological chaos or other checkup circumstance. 5 diagnostic tests needed here are: Laboratory screening used to help diagnose disease. X-ray of the patients chest is needed to be done X-ray of the patients lungs needs to be done X-ray of the patients legs needs to be performed Fluoroscopy that is a kind of x-ray which uses a nonstop or pulsed ray of lesser-dose emission to create nonstop imagery of a body element in movement needs to be done. All these above mentioned tests are likely to confirm Harvey Jones diagnosis. Two differential diagnosis apart from pulmonary embolism The differential diagnoses are widespread, and they must be taken into account very vigilantly with any patient who is thought to encompass pulmonary embolism. The two differential diagnosis are mentioned as follows: Acute Coronary Syndrome Anxiety Disorders Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) basically refers state clinical presentation that ranges from those for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) to presentations that occur in non elevation of ST-segment myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) even in unbalanced angina (White, 2013). On the other hand, Anxiety disorders are widespread disorders relating to psychiatric. A lot of patients with anxiety disorders practice physical symptoms which are linked to nervousness and then visit their primary care providers. In spite of the high pervasiveness rates of these anxiety disorders, they are often less familiar and undertreated clinical troubles. Anxiety disorders come into view to be caused by an interface of biopsychosocial factors, which includes hereditary susceptibility that interact with situations, trauma, stress in order to create clinically important syndromes (Lader, 2015). Conclusion The various roles which needs to be performed as an enrolled nurse and the 5 diagnostic tests that Harvey would need to confirm his diagnosis have been explained in detail in this paper. Apart from that blood clotting and pulmonary embolism have been discussed in detail. References Konstantinides, S. T. (2014). ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. European heart journal, ehu283; . Lader, M. (2015). Generalized anxiety disorder. In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology; . Seegers, W. H. (2013). Blood clotting enzymology. Academic Press; . Welsh, E. J. (2015). Pulse oximeters to self monitor oxygen saturation levels as part of a personalised asthma action plan for people with asthma. The Cochrane Library; . White, W. B. (2013). Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine;.